TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2078 - Sociology (Dynamics of Nepali Society) (So422)

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T.U. Exam 2078
Time: 3 hrs.
Full Marks: 70
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B
Group "A" (Long Answer Question) 2x15=30
1. Give your ideas on land tenure and taxation system in Nepal with reference to Mahesh Chandra Regmi (1999)
2. Explain socio-economic history of Nepali society. Discuss Napalma Garibiko Sthiti with suitable examples.
3. State the process of nation-building. Elaborate nation building, multi-ethnicity and the Hindu State in reference with Prayag Raj Sharma 2006.
Group "B" (Short Answer Question)    4x10=40
4. What is inclusion? Explain the issues of inclusion according to Tika Ram Gautam.
5. What do you mean by the idea of nationalism? Elaborate the nation of nationalism with reference to state and society in Nepal (Gurung 2008).
6. Briefly discuss the historical development of education in Nepal.
7. Elaborate health system in Nepal on the basis of Sharad Onta, Janaswasthya ra rajya.
8. What is urbanization? Explain the idea of urbanization in reference to Nepalma Saharikaran Ek Simhavalokan.
9. Write short notes on (any TWO):
a. Secularism
b. Ethnictiy
c. Cultural diversity in Nepal

TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2077 - Sociology (Dynamics of Nepali Society) (So422)

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 T.U. Exam 2077
Time: 3 hrs.
Full Marks: 70
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The
figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B
Group "A" (Long Answer Question) 2x15=30
1. What do you mean by the idea of nationalism. Elaborate the notion of nationalism with reference to state and society in Nepal. (Gurung 2008),
2. Discuss the article Nepal ma Garibiko Sthiti as explained by JagannathAdhikari..
3. State the process of nationbuilding. Elaborate nation building, multi-ethnicity and the Hindu state with reference to Prayag Raj Sharma (2006)

Group "B" (Short Answer Question) 4x10=40
4. What is inclusion? Explain the state of inclusion in Nepal as explained by Tika Ram Gautam.
5. What is migration? Discuss it on the basis of existing polices and instructional mechanism as elaborated by BanditaSijapati and Amrita Limbu."
6. Briefly discuss the historical development of education in Nepal.
7. Elaborate the ideas expressed in Nepali Samajko Rupantaram by Chaltanya Mishra.
8. What is urbanization? Explain the idea of urbanization in reference to Nepalma Saharikaran Ek Simhavalokan.
9. Write short notes on (any TWO):
a) Ethnicity
b) Federalism
c) Development planning in Nepal

TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2078 - Rural Development (Basic Research Method) (422)

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 TU Exam 2078
RD 422     
Time : 3 hrs    

Group "A": (Long Questions)    

Answer any TWO.
1.    Define the concept of research. Explain the implication of social science research in development.
2.    What are the sources and nature of data? Explain with suitable example.
3.    Calculate mean, median and mode from the following data:

No. of Students
Group "B": (Short Questions)
Answer any Four.
4.    What are the steps of research proposal? Write with suitable examples.
5.    Write meaning and types of hypothesis.
6.    What is research design? What are the essential elements of good research design?
7.    Write meaning and importance of quantitative and qualitative data.
8.    What do you mean by sampling? Explain simple random sampling.
9.    Discuss the application of statistics in rural development research.



TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2077 - Rural Development (Basic Research Method) (422)

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RD.422
Basic Research Methods

Time 3 hrs    Full
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The
figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Group "A": (Long Questions)
Answer any TWO.    2 x15=30
1.    What is scientific research? What are the characteristics of good research?
2.    What do you mean by research design? What are the essential elements of research design?
3.    Calculate mean, median and mode from the following data:
 
Wages (RS)    20-30    30-40    40-50    50-60    60-70
No, of. labourers     3    5    20    10    5
 

Group "B" (Short Questions)    4 x10=40
4.    Write meaning and types of hypothesis explain with suitable examples.
5.    What do you mean by sampling?
6.    Explain the types of non-probability sampling.
7.    Write meaning and importance of quantitative and qualitative data.
8.    What are the steps of research proposal? Write with suitable examples. Write about data processing and management skill.
9.    What are the major components of research report?



TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2078 - Sociology (A Introduction to Basic Sociology) (So421)

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TU Exam 2078
    So 421
Time: 3 hrs.
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B
Group "A" (Long Answer Question)    2x15=30
1.    Describe the origin and development of sociology in global context with its various stages.
2.    What do you mean by data collection? Among various techniques of data collection, choose any one technique that you prefer to use. Explain why?
3.    Define family. Discuss the different types and functions of family.

Group "A" (Short Answer Question)    4x10=40
4.    What is sociological meaning of social interaction? How are social interactions building the blocks of society?
5.    Briefly discuss the idea of sociological imagination as described by C. Wright Mills.
6.    Write an essay on the contribution of Emile Durkheim in sociology.
7.    Define observation method and differentiate between participant and non—participant observation.
8.    Division of class creates inequality in society. Give your argument with suitable examples from Nepali society.
9.    Modernization plays an important role in social change. Explain key features of modernization.
10.    Write short notes on (any TWO):
a.    Evolutionism and social change
b.    interview as a tool of data collection
c.    Importance of field research.


TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2077 - Sociology (A Introduction to Basic Sociology) (So421)

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T.U. Exam 2077
Time: 3 hrs.    Full Marks: 70
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The
figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B

Group "A" (Long Answer Question)    2x15=30
1.    Write an essay on the origin and development of sociology in Nepal.
2.    Define social research and explain the types and processes of social research.
3.    Explain that social stratification creates hierarchical division in society. Draw examples from Nepali society.

Group "B" (Short Answer Question)    4x10-40
4.    Critically reflect on how gender socialization is responsible for gender inequality,
5.     Examine globalization and its effects on family life with reference to Nepal society.
6.    Analyze political institution from the perspective of functionalism.
7.    What is democracy? What is the significance of democracy in any society?
8.    Explain the factors of social change. Give examples from Nepal.
9.    Discuss the interpretative sociology from the perspective of Max Weber.
10.    Write short notes on (any TWO):
a) Sociology of knowledge
b) Globalization   
c) Polyandrous marriage
 


TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2079 - Rural Development (Therories of Development)

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Tribhuvan University

2078 (Partial)/2079 (Regular)

Bachelor Level 4 Yrs. Prog./Humanities/I Year             Full Marks: 70

RD-421: Theories of Development                                 Time: 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B

Group "A" : Long Questions                                      2x15=30

1.      What is meant by Development? Describe the different dimensions of Development.

2.      What are the strengths and weaknesses of classical and neo classical economics?

3.      Critically examine the application of modernization theory in developing countries.

Group "B" Short Questions                                        4x10=40

4.      How do you define feminist perspective on development?

5.      What is dialectical materialism according to Marx?

6.      How is nationalism manifested?

7.      What are sustainable development goals? Explain.

8.      What are the main assumptions of world system theory? Explain.

9.      Write short note:

a.       Women in development

b.      Community development

 

 


 

TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2078 - Rural Development (Therories of Development)

By


 T.U. Exam 2078
Time: 3 hrs
Full marks: 70
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B

Group "A": Long Questions    2x15=30
1. Define rural development. Explain the significance of rural development in the context of Nepal.
2. What are the main ideas of classical economics? Write down the differences between classical and neo-classical economics.
3. How does modernization theory promote development in developing countries like Nepal?

Group "B": Short Questions    4x10=40
4. How do you define rational nationalism? Explain with suitable examples.
5. What are the basic elements of community development? Explain.
6. What is meant by political economy? State its nature.
7. Differentiate between naturalism and rationalism.
8. Discuss the pros and cons of dependency theory?
9. How does sustainable development goal contribute to the developing countries?

  

TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2077 - Rural Development (Therories of Development)

By


 
T.U. Exam 2077
Time: 3 hrs
Full marks:70
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The
figures in the margin indicate full.marks.
Attempt any TWO questions from Group A and FOUR from Group B

Group "A": Long Questions    (2x15-30)
1. What do you mean by development? What are the differences between growth and development?
2. Critically evaluate the assumptions of Keynesian economics?
3. Describe the effects of dependency theory on developing countries.

Group "B" Short Questions    (4 x 10=40)
4. What are the key principles of postmodernism? Explain.
5. How does modemization contribute to the development?
6. What is the key principle of dialectical materialism? Justify.
7. How is sustainable development linked to standard of living?
8. How does nationalism relate to our identity? Explain
9. Write short note:
a. Rural Development
b. World System Theory


TU BA 4 year (I Year) 2079 - English

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Setup Librenms with Centralized Logging Server using Rsyslog

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Install librenms in CEntOS 7 with php 8.1, MariaDB 10.8

System: CEntOS 7 

Applications:

Librenms

PHP 8.1

MariaDB 10.8

Loganalyzer

Rsyslog


Update the system

yum update -y

 

Install php 8.1

yum -y install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm

yum -y install https://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm

yum -y install yum-utils

yum-config-manager --enable remi-php81

yum install php php-cli

yum install php php-cli php-fpm php-mysqlnd php-zip php-devel php-gd php-mcrypt php-mbstring php-curl php-xml php-pear php-bcmath php-json

 

Install Mariadb 10.8 

curl -LsS -O https://downloads.mariadb.com/MariaDB/mariadb_repo_setup

sudo bash mariadb_repo_setup --mariadb-server-version=10.8

sudo yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-backup -y

rpm -qi MariaDB-server

sudo systemctl enable --now mariadb

systemctl status mariadb

mariadb –V

sudo mariadb-secure-installation 

 

Install librenms

yum install git cronie fping jwhois ImageMagick mtr MySQL-python net-snmp net-snmp-utils nmap python-memcached rrdtool policycoreutils-python httpd mariadb mariadb-server unzip python3 python3-pip -y

yum install mod_php php-cli php-common php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-process php-snmp php-xml php-zip php-memcached php-mysqlnd -y

useradd librenms -d /opt/librenms -M -r

usermod -a -G librenms apache

cd /opt

git clone https://github.com/librenms/librenms.git

chown -R librenms:librenms /opt/librenms

chmod 770 /opt/librenms

setfacl -d -m g::rwx /opt/librenms/rrd /opt/librenms/logs /opt/librenms/bootstrap/cache/ /opt/librenms/storage/ /opt/librenms/cache

setfacl -R -m g::rwx /opt/librenms/rrd /opt/librenms/logs /opt/librenms/bootstrap/cache/ /opt/librenms/storage/ /opt/librenms/cache

sudo yum install python3-devel -y

su – librenms

./scripts/composer_wrapper.php install --no-dev

exit

Create database  

mysql -u root

CREATE DATABASE librenms CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

CREATE USER 'librenms'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'librenmspass';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON librenms.* TO 'librenms'@'localhost';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Exit

vi /etc/my.cnf

Within the [mysqld] section please add:

innodb_file_per_table=1

lower_case_table_names=0

systemctl restart mariadb

vi /etc/php.ini

date.timezone = Asia/Kathmandu

vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/librenms.conf

 

Add the following config, edit ServerName as required:

<VirtualHost *:80>

DocumentRoot /opt/librenms/html/

#ServerName librenms.example.com

AllowEncodedSlashes NoDecode

<Directory "/opt/librenms/html/">

Require all granted

AllowOverride All

Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews

</Directory>

</VirtualHost> 

rm -f /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf

systemctl enable --now httpd

yum install policycoreutils-python

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/opt/librenms/logs(/.*)?'

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/opt/librenms/logs(/.*)?'

restorecon -RFvv /opt/librenms/logs/

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/opt/librenms/rrd(/.*)?'

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/opt/librenms/rrd(/.*)?'

restorecon -RFvv /opt/librenms/rrd/

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/opt/librenms/storage(/.*)?'

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/opt/librenms/storage(/.*)?'

restorecon -RFvv /opt/librenms/storage/

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/opt/librenms/bootstrap/cache(/.*)?'

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/opt/librenms/bootstrap/cache(/.*)?'

restorecon -RFvv /opt/librenms/bootstrap/cache/

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t '/opt/librenms/cache(/.*)?'

semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/opt/librenms/cache(/.*)?'

restorecon -RFvv /var/www/opt/librenms/cache/

setsebool -P httpd_can_sendmail=1

 

vi /tmp/http_fping.tt

module http_fping 1.0;

require {

type httpd_t;

class capability net_raw;

class rawip_socket { getopt create setopt write read };

}

#============= httpd_t ==============

allow httpd_t self:capability net_raw;

allow httpd_t self:rawip_socket { getopt create setopt write read };

 

cd /tmp

checkmodule -M -m -o http_fping.mod http_fping.tt

semodule_package -o http_fping.pp -m http_fping.mod

semodule -i http_fping.pp

firewall-cmd --zone public --add-service http

firewall-cmd --permanent --zone public --add-service http

firewall-cmd --zone public --add-service https

firewall-cmd --permanent --zone public --add-service https

cp /opt/librenms/snmpd.conf.example /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

vi /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

RANDOMSTRINGGOESHERE >> public

curl -o /usr/bin/distro https://raw.githubusercontent.com/librenms/librenms-agent/master/snmp/distro

chmod +x /usr/bin/distro

systemctl enable snmpd

systemctl restart snmpd

cp /opt/librenms/librenms.nonroot.cron /etc/cron.d/librenms

cp /opt/librenms/misc/librenms.logrotate /etc/logrotate.d/librenms

 

SETUP LOGANALYZER WITH RSYSLOG

yum install wget –y

yum install -y rsyslog-mysql

yum install rsyslog

service syslog stop

chkconfig syslog off

service rsyslog start

chkconfig rsyslog on

yum install vim –y

vim /etc/rsyslog.conf

and add following lines as the end of file.

 $template TmplAuth, "/var/log/%HOSTNAME%/%PROGRAMNAME%.log"

 authpriv.* ?TmplAuth

 *.info,mail.none,authpriv.none,cron.none ?TmplMsg

Uncomment

# Provides UDP syslog reception

$ModLoad imudp

$UDPServerRun 514


service rsyslog restart

create user support@'%' identified by 'password';

grant all on *.* to support@'%' with grant option;

flush privileges;

mysql -u root -p < /usr/share/doc/rsyslog-8.24.0/mysql-createDB.sql

GRANT ALL ON Syslog.* TO 'rsyslog'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'loganalyzerpass';

cp /etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.conf.org

# ### end of the forwarding rule ###

$template TmplAuth, "/var/log/%HOSTNAME%/%PROGRAMNAME%.log"

authpriv.* ?TmplAuth

*.info,mail.none,authpriv.none,cron.none ?TmplMsg

# Load the MySQL Module

module(load="ommysql")

# #*.* :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog_Database,syslog_user,password

*.* :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog,rsyslog,loganalyzerpass

systemctl restart rsyslog

 

Install LogAnalyzer

wget https://download.adiscon.com/loganalyzer/loganalyzer-4.1.13.tar.gz

tar -xzvf loganalyzer-4.1.13.tar.gz

mkdir /var/www/html/loganalyzer

cp -r /tmp/loganalyzer-4.1.13/src/* /var/www/html/loganalyzer/

cp -r /tmp/loganalyzer-4.1.13/contrib/* /var/www/html/loganalyzer

cp -r /tmp/loganalyzer-4.1.13/contrib/* /var/www/html/loganalyzer

cd /var/www/html/loganalyzer

touch config.php

chown apache:apache config.php

chmod 777 config.php

chcon -h -t httpd_sys_script_rw_t /var/www/html/loganalyzer/config.php

vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/librenms.conf

Alias /loganalyzer "/var/www/html/loganalyzer"

service httpd restart

Error

Database name: Syslog

admin/password

Error

[Thu Mar 23 06:12:14.841355 2023] [php:error] [pid 68981] [client 192.168.220.1:50376] PHP Fatal error: Uncaught mysqli_sql_exception: Unknown column 'processid' in 'field list' in /var/www/html/loganalyzer/classes/logstreamdb.class.php:1682\nStack trace:\n#0 /var/www/html/loganalyzer/classes/logstreamdb.class.php(1682): mysqli_query()\n#1 /var/www/html/loganalyzer/classes/logstreamdb.class.php(1624): LogStreamDB->CreateMainSQLQuery()\n#2 /var/www/html/loganalyzer/classes/logstreamdb.class.php(545): LogStreamDB->ReadNextRecordsFromDB()\n#3 /var/www/html/loganalyzer/index.php(270): LogStreamDB->ReadNext()\n#4 {main}\n thrown in /var/www/html/loganalyzer/classes/logstreamdb.class.php on line 1682, referer: 

https://github.com/rsyslog/loganalyzer/issues/75

mysql -u root -p

USE Syslog;

ALTER TABLE SystemEvents

ADD COLUMN checksum INT NOT NULL;

ALTER TABLE SystemEvents

ADD COLUMN processid VARCHAR(60) NOT NULL;

exit

 

Harden the Apache Web Server on CentOS 7

Hide the Apache version

update httpd.conf on /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

ServerSignature Off

ServerTokens Prod

Turn off directory listing

Hide the php version

Php.ini

expose_php = Off

 

Allow services in firewalld

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=https --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=mysql --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanent